THE  JOURNAL  OF 


ENGLISH  AND  GERMANIC 
PHILOLOGY 

EDITED  BY 

GUST  A  F  E.  KARSTEN  and  JAMES  MORGAN  HART 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 

WITH  THE  CO-OPERATION  OF 

GEORGE  T.  FLOM,  University  of  Iowa 
%  PAUL  H.  GRUMMANN,  University  of  Nebraska 

OTTO  HELLER,  Washington  University 
GEORG  HOLZ,  University  of  Leipzig,  Germany 
CLARK  S.  NORTHUP,  Cornell  University 
HORATIO  S.  WHITE,  Harvard  University 

Volume  VI,  No.  2 

January,  1907 

PUBLISHED  QUARTERLY  BY  THE  JOURNAL  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

Urbana,  III.,  U.S.A. 

Under  the  Auspices  of 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

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'<  "  '  EUROPEAN  AGENT 

ADOLF  WEIGEL,  Leipzig,  Germany 


Entered  at  the  Urbana,  Ill.,  Postoffice  as  Second-class  mail  matter. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 


Lane  Cooper,  Some  Wordsworthian  Similes . 179 

Fr.  Rlaeber,  Minor  Notes  on  the  Beowulf  .  .  .  ,  .  .  .190 

- Cynewulfs  Elene  1262  f . 197 

- Phenix,  386  ..........  198 

Ernst  Voss,  Schnaplian  .........  199 

H.  S.  V.  Jones,  The  Clcomadh,  the  Meliacin,  and  the  Arabian  Tale  of 

the  “  Enchanted  Horse  ’  ’ . .  .  .  22  L 

Edwin  W.  Fay,  Gothic  and  English  Etymologies  ....  244 

Hermann  Collitz,  Segimer  oder  Germanische  Namen  in  Keltischem 

Gewande  ...........  253 


REVIEWS. 

George  O.  Curme  :  Engelien- Jantzen,  Grammatik  der  neuhochdeutschen 
Sprache  ;  Siitterlin  and  Waag,  Deutsche  Sprachlehre  fur  hohere 
Leliranstalten  ;  Nagl,  Deutsche  Sprachlehre  fur  Mittelschulen 
J.  M.  McBryde,  Jr.  :  Kinard,  English  Grammar  for  Beginners  . 
Clark  S.  Northup  :  Kluge,  Mittelenglisches  Lesebuch 
B.  S.  Monroe,  :  Emerson,  A  Middle  English  Reader  . 

CURRENT  LITERATURE. 

Georg  Edward  :  Neuere  Deutsche  Literatur  .... 


NOTICE. 

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Address  all  business  communications  to 

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307 

313 

315 

319 


.  324 


Copyright,  1906,  by  Gustaf  E.  Karsten. 


22.3,  5 

K^cUm. 

No.  2]  Some  Wordsworthian  Similes .  189 

mind  they  may  now  and  then  be  a  stumbling-block,  and  to  the 
unsympathetic,  foolishness.  Their  truth  and  justice  become 
apparent  when  they  are  dwelt  upon  with  active  sympathy  by  a 
mind  that  through  habit  is  less  inclined  to  condemn  than  to 
admire. 

Lane  Cooper. 

Cornell  University. 

4 


a 


UMVEHSiTYOrUmOlSUBRMW 


o 


190 


Klaeber,  [Vol.  VI 


MINOR  NOTES  ON  THE  BEOWULF. 

21.  HTN  a  paper  printed  in  Mod.  Phil.  3.  445  if.,  I  transla- 
_1_  ted  1.  216,  after  Grein  and  Sievers  ( Beowulf  und 
Saxo ,  p.  19 Of.),  ‘ in  his  father’s  house ’  (Grein1:  cerne,  Grein2: 
inne).  But  recently  Professor  Blackburn  called  my  atten¬ 
tion  to  the  strong  probability  of  .  .  rme  having  actually  been 
the  origiual  reading  of  the  MS.  (cf.  Zupitza’s  transliteration  and 
note)  and  after  considering  the  merits  of  the  few  available  words 
that  have  been  proposed  (_ feorme  [Kemble] ,  bearme  [Bouterwek 
in  1854,  Thorpe],  harme  [Bouterwek,  Z.f.  d.  A.  11.  71]),  I 
have  come  to  consider  bearme  the  most  presentable  candidate  for 
admission,  giving  it  however  a  new  interpretation.  I  do  not 
understand  on  bearme  with  reference  to  the  geong(f)guma  (‘  in 
his  father’s  lap,’ 1  ‘  in  des  Vaters  Schutze  noch’  Bouterwek) — 
which  would  be  very  awkward — but  with  regard  to  feohgiftum , 
which  may  be  credited,  I  trust,  with  the  sense  of  ‘present,’ 
‘precious  object  to  be  given.’  For  bearm  I  venture  to  postu¬ 
late  the  meaning  of  ‘possession’  which  could  easily  have 
developed  from  its  use  in  connection  with  verbs  like  don ,  alec- 
gan ,  cuman  (cf.  also  fcepm  in  1.  1210  :  gehivearf  Pa  in  Francna 
fcepm).  So  fromum  feohgiftum  on  feeder  bearme  would  in  fact 
correspond  pretty  closely  to  Saxo’s  domesticis  stipendiis  (cf. 
Sievers,  l.  c.). 

1496-151a.  Since  these  lines  as  emended  by  various  scholars 
are  still  as  unsatisfactory  as  ever,  another  attempt  at  healing 
them  may  be  pardoned.  The  suspiciously  harsh  collocation 
gyddum  (MS.  gyddu)  geomore  is  got  rid  of  by  Trautmann’s 
emendation  geomorum ,  which  however  neither  explains  the  gen- 

lIn  its  literal  sense  the  phrase  is  found  in  Dial.  Greg.  289.  18 :  on  his  feeder 
bearme. 


No.  2] 


Minor  Notes  on  the  Beowulf. 


191 


esis  of  the  scribal  blunder  nor  removes  the  questionable  1  mourn¬ 
ful  lays.’  I  make  bold  to  suggest  the  possibility  of  gihftu 
geomore  ‘  sorrowful  grief  (affliction)/  1  a  phrase  (of  the  type 
‘  noun + weak  adjective  in  the  a  line/  as  herestrcel  hearda  1435, 
beahsele  beorhta  1177,  bordwudu  beorhtan  1243,  breperbealo 
hearde  1343,  herenvS  hearda  2474,  herenet  hearde  1553,  wudu 
wynsuman  1919),  which  is  more  fully  explained  by  the  follow¬ 
ing  Ae£-clause  (cf.  Mod.  Phil.  3.  253  ;  1.  2324  :  Pa  wees  Biowulfe 
broga  gecf&ed  .  .  .  post  .  .  .).  The  confusion  of  gihftu  (gehr&u) — 
gihftu — with  gyddu  may  not  unreasonably  be  attributed  to  the 
close  association  of  geomor  and  gid  (see  Beow.  1118,  3150,  Andr. 
1548,  Wife’s  Compl.  I).2 3 4 

All  the  previously  proposed  insertions  of  a  word  after  for^Sam 
149b(st/bban,  sorgeearu ,  sooeny  sarewidum)  have  been  disapproved 
by  Sievers  on  the  ground  that  forpon ,  -  pan  is  the  regular 
form  of  the  connective  in  the  Beowulf /  and  that  'bam  would 
accordingly  seem  to  point  to  a  following  dative  form  (Beitr.  29. 
313).  But  his  own  conjecture  for  bam  soenum  rather  impairs 
the  style  of  the  passage,  since  a  new  clause  joined  asyndetically 
would  hardly  begin  with  such  a  phrase.  If  we  assume,  how¬ 
ever,  that  the  original  reading  was  /orban 4  seogum ,  it  is  not 
unnatural  to  suppose  that  a  stupid  copyist  changed  (perhaps 
‘  corrected  ’)  ¥>an  to  bam,  and  a  later  scribe  inadvertently  drop¬ 
ped  seegum.  Thus  the  hypothetical  text  would  be :  forftan 
seegum  weaiAS,  /  ylda  bearnum  undyrne  citb  /  gihftu  geomore ,  pcette 
Grendel  wan ,  etc.  Cf.  also  1.  2000  ff. 

457.  If  Trautmann’s  shrewd  conjecture  for  gewyrhtum  (in¬ 
troduced  in  his  edition)  be  adopted,  another  meaning  will  have  to 
be  put  into  the  lines  than  the  one  appearing  in  his  translation  : 
‘Um  taten  hast  du,  mein  freund  Beowulf,  und  um  hilfeleistung 


1  Cf.  geotnor  in  Phenix  139,  517. 

2  A  curious  relation  between  gekftu  and  gid  has  been  detected  by  PI.  Kern, 
Taalkundige  Bijdragen  1.  208  f.  (Rather  doubtful.) 

3  By  the  way,  the  MS.  has  /or'Sd  2645  a,  2741  a. 

4  As  to  the  function  of  forKon,  see  W.  W.  Lawrence’s  discussion  in  J.  Germ. 
Phil.  4.  463  ff. — seegas  is  found  as  variation  of  hcelepa  beam  in  Riddl.  41.  97. 


192 


Klaeber , 


[Vol.  YI 


uns  aufgesucht.’  Considering  that  for  presumably  denotes  cause 
rather  than  purpose  (see  Mod.  Phil .  3.  453),  and  that  gewyrht 
must  be  understood  in  a  perfective  sense  (H.  Archiv  109.  310), 
the  following  version  of  for  gewyrhtum  appears  likely  to  come 
nearer  the  truth  :  ‘  because  of  deeds  done  [alluding  to  the  good 
services  rendered  to  Beowulf’s  father,  1.  463  ff.]  (and  the  result¬ 
ant  obligations  you  are  under),’  or,  in  other  words,  1.  457  f. 
would  mean :  ‘  from  a  sense  of  duty  and  kindness,  my  friend 
B.,  hast  thou  come  to  us.’ 

The  corruption  of  wyrhtum  to  fyhtum  is  easy  of  explanation 
(in  1.  2882  wergendra  is  misspelt  fergendra),  especially  if  it 
passed  through  an  intermediate  wyhtum  (see  Mod.  Lang.  Notes 
18.  244). 

Altogether  this  new  emendation  of  Trautmann’s  is  remark¬ 
ably  felicitous. 

489  f.  Site  nu  to  symle  ond  on  seel  meoto  /  sigehrerlS  seegii,  swa 
Ain  sefa  hwette.  The  interpretation  of  this  veritable  crux  has 
been  materially  advanced  by  Holthausen,  who  in  his  textual 
notes,  Z.  f.  d.  P.  37.  114  properly  restored  the  nounal  character 
of  (on)  seel  and  thus  effectively  disposed  of  several  fanciful  solu¬ 
tions.1  But  a  return  to  Kemble’s  on  scelum  is  far  from  neces¬ 
sary  (see  Mod.  Phil.  3.  258),  and  the  novel  emendation  recom¬ 
mended  by  the  latest  editor  :  ond  on  scelum  weota  /  sigehreftgum 
seegum ,  through  strikingly  acute,  may  well  be  called  in  question. 
Not  only  is  the  use  of  the  verb  witian  strictly  limited  to  the 
participial  form  witod ,  but  the  remark  ‘  bestimme  den  siegbe- 
ruhmten  mannern  ’  does  not  seem  to  be  the  most  appropriate  to 
the  occasion.  Keeping  as  closely  as  possible  to  the  MS.  reading, 
I  would  offer  the  following  conjecture :  ond  on  sod  meota  /  sigehrefo 
seega.  The  existence  of  the  verb  metian2  may  reasonably  be 
inferred  from  the  Go.  miton  (construed  with  the  accusative) 
‘  consider,  think  over  ’  (OHG.  mezon  1  moderari  ’),  and  the  phrase 


1  Alliterating  imperatives  in  the  b  line  followed  by  eall(es)  occur  in  the 
Beowulf :  2663  Icest  eall  tela ,  2162  bruc  ealles  well. 

a  Pogatscher  did  not  hesitate  to  suggest  a  verb  formetian,  1.  169  ( Beitr .  19. 
544  f.). 


No.  2] 


Minor  Notes  on  the  Beowulf. 


193 


sigehreft  seega  ‘  victory-fame  of  men  *  is  matched  by  wonsceaft 
wera  120,  bealonift  biorna  2404,  hordmaftum  (em.)  hcelefia  1198, 
gesifia  (Holthausen  ;  or  perhaps  seega)  seledream  2252  ;  perhaps 
wera  hilde  2298  (MS.  hwceftre;  ten  Brink:  wer).  ‘Sit  now 
down  to  the  feast  and  joyfully  think  of  victory  as  your  heart 
may  prompt  you.’  Cheerful  anticipation  of  victory  is  to  be  the 
note  of  the  entertainment  (in  contrast  with  1.  473  if.),  just  as  the 
distinction  gained  by  deeds  of  valor  is  emphasized  in  the  parallel 
situation,  1.  1782  ff.  :  ga  nu  to  setle,  symbelwynne  dreoh ,  /  wigge 
weor/>ad. 

7696— 770a.  yrrewceron  begen ,  /  ref>e  renweardas.  ten  Brink 
thought  of  renhearde  and  Trautmann  of  renheardan  for  the 
curious  renweardas  (commonly  taken  as  ren  ( =regr)-weardas ). 
It  seems  worth  while  to  inquire  whether  the  first  element  of  the 
compound  could  not  be  ren  ‘house*  (=  the  normal  ern,  cern, 
Sievers  §  179,  1,  Bulbring  §  518),  and  renweard  —  seleweard*! 
The  compound  rendegn  (==  aedis  minister)  occurs  in  the  Erfurt 
Glossary  1137. 1 

1125  ff.  Gewiton  him  ba  wig  end  wiea  neosian,  /  freondum 
befeallen ,  Fry  stand  geseon ,  /  hamas  ond  heaburh.  Unwarranted 
conclusions  have  been  dravvn  from  a  misinterpretation  of  these 
lines,  leading  in  one  case  even  to  a  ‘  correction  *  Frysan  (Boer, 
Z.  f.  d.  A.  47.  137  f.).  Yet  the  situation  is  not  obscure — 
assuming  Bugge’s  interpretation  of  the  main  story  to  be  correct. 
After  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  between  the  two  parties  and 
the  completion  of  the  funeral  rites,  the  Frisian  warriors — pre¬ 
sumably  men  who  had  been  summoned  by  Finn  in  preparation 
for  the  encounter  with  the  Danes — return  to  their  respective 
homes  in  the  country  ( heaburh  is  a  high  sounding  epic  term  that 
should  not  be  pressed),  whilst  Hengest  stays  with  Finn  in  Finnes 
burh  (where  the  latter  is  subsequently  slain :  cet  his  selfes  ham 
1147).  If  we  were  to  infer  that  Finnes  burh  lies  outside  of 
Friesland  proper,  we  might  as  well  conclude  that  Dyflen 

1  [The  same  explanation  has  in  the  meantime  been  given  by  Holthausen  in 
the  second  part  of  his  edition  (1906).] 


194 


Klaebery 


[Vol.  VI 


(Dublin)  is  not  situated  in  Ireland  according  to  the  Battle  of 
Brunanburh  55  f. :  ( gewitan  him'  pa  Norftmenn  .  .  .)  Dyflen 
secean ,  and  eft  Iraland. 

11 996-1 200a.  Brosinga  (Grimm,  D.  M.  254  ff. :  Brisinga) 
mene ,  /  sigle  ond  sincfcet.  Neither  ‘  jewel  ’  nor  ‘  ornamental  casket  ’ 
seems  to  be  the  proper  rendering  of  sincfcet.  It  is  much  more 
likely  to  signify  ‘  precious  setting/  like  goldfcet  in  Phenix  302 
ff. :  stane  gelicasty  /  gladum  gimme ,  Ponne  in  goldfate  /  smifta 
orponcum  biseted  weorfteft.  The  ‘  Brisinga  mene  ’  was  known  in 
heroic  tradition  as  a  collar  of  extraordinary  value,  consisting  of 
(or,  containing)  ‘precious  gems  in  fine  settings , — the  singular 
forms  sigle  and  sincfcet  to  be  understood  in  a  collective  sense. 
That  the  necklace  (healsbeaga  mcest  1195)  given  to  Beowulf  is 
noted  for  its  precious  stones  (eorclanstanas  1208),  should  not  be 
overlooked  in  this  connection. 

A  discrepancy,  by  the  way,  has  been  discovered  between  the 
statements  of  11.  1202  ff.  and  2172  ff,  as  in  the  latter  passage 
Beowulf  presents  to  Hygd  the  necklace  bestowed  upon  him  by 
'YVealhJjeow,  but  in  the  former  Hygelac  is  reported  to  have  worn 
it  in  his  war  against  the  Franks  and  Frisians.1  Two  explana¬ 
tions  readily  suggest  themselves.  Either  Hygd  gave  the  neck¬ 
lace  to  her  husband  when  he  set  out  on  his  unfortunate  expedi¬ 
tion,2  or  the  poet  entirely  forgot  his  earlier  account  (1202  ff.) 
when  he  came  to  tell  of  the  presentation  to  Hygd  (2172  ff.). 
The  second  alternative  is  the  more  probable  one,  especially  if 
we  suppose  that  at  an  earlier  stage  of  his  work  the  author  had 
not  yet  thought  at  all  of  queen  Hygd,  who  indeed  never  devel¬ 
oped  into  a  definite,  lifelike  figure. 

1248.  ge  cet  ham  ge  on  herge  ge  gehwceper  Para  /  efne  swylce 
mcela  ....  The  third  ge  has  been  struck  out  by  a  number  of 
scholars  (Ettmuller  being  the  first),  but  it  is  no  more  objection - 

1Grundtvig’s  desperate  conjecture  hrcegl  in  place  of  hring  1202  (on  p.  144  of 
his  edition)  gives  no  relief,  as  the  eorclanstanas  1208  and  the  beag  1211  remain 
in  the  text. 

2  This  is  the  view  of  Simrock  (Transl.,  p.  184),  who  adds,  however,  ques¬ 
tionable  details. 


No.  2] 


Minor  Notes  on  the  Beowulf '. 


195 


able  than  the  third  ne  in  the  following  combination  occurring  in 
the  Institutes  of  Polity,  9  :  newt  ham  ne  on  sipe  ne  on  cenigre  stowe 
(quoted  from  B-T.,  s.  v.  sip).  The  third  member  of  the  series 
refers  equally  to  the  two  contingencies  mentioned  before  and 
sums  up  the  situation  :  ‘  and  that/  ‘  nor  in  fact  *  (Ger.  ‘  und 
zwar/  ‘  und  uberhaupt  nicht *). 

14046.  gegnum  for.  The  most  popular  reading  at  present  is 
Skyers*  [ Peer  Aeo]  gegnum  for,  whereas  Bugge  favored  \liwcer 
Aeo]  g.  f,  and  Cosijn  thought  of  gegnunga  f.  Equally  possi¬ 
ble,  it  seems  to  me,  would  be  ( gang  ofer  grundas,)  [swa]  gegnum 
for,  or  gegnum  ferde.  In  the  latter  case,  a  scribe  would  have 
changed  a  weak  verb  into  a  strong  one,  as,  conversely,  in  the 
OE.  Chron.,  A.  D.  571  (A)  gefor  was  (imperfectly)  altered  to 
( ge)forpferde .  The  subject  would  have  to  be  supplied  from 
lastas  1402,  gang  1404  (referring  to  Grendel*s  mother),  as 
Cosijn  suggests. 

14176-1418.  Denum  eallum  wees,  /  winum  Scyldinga  weorce 
on  mode.  Trautmann*s  conjecture  wigum  has  been  endorsed  both 
by  Holthausen  (in  his  edition)  and  by  Schiicking  (H.  Archiv 
115.  420).  Still,  wine  is  applied  to  the  retainers  also  in  1. 
2567  :  winia  bealdor  (Thorpe  :  Wedera,  Grundtvig  :  wigend). 
Similarly  in  Middle  High  German  goltwine  is  used  of  vassals, 
see  Lexer  I.  1050  f.,1  Benecke-Muller-Zarncke  III.  704. 

Arnold  in  his  note  on  1.  1418  says :  .  .  .  the  earls  or  nobles 

in  a  Teutonic  tribe  might  be  called  no  less  than  the  king,  though 
in  a  lower  sense,  the  friendly  patrons  and  protectors  of  the 
general  body  of  the  freemen.*  If  this  explanation  be  accepted, 
the  designation  of  ACschere  as  sincgyfa  1342  is  to  be  cited  as  a 
welcome  parallel  (see  H.  Archiv  115.  180). 

2989.  he  $[<xm]  freetwum  fang.  Another  instance  of  this 
very  unusual  construction  of  fan  —  ‘  receive  *  with  dative  (instru¬ 
mental),  which  Sarrazin  attributes  to  Scandinavian  influence 
{Engl.  Stud.  16.  84),  and  Sweet  regards  as  Anglian  {Ags.  Diet.), 

1  Lexer  explains  ‘  freund,  den  man  durcli  gold,  durcli  geschenke  erwirbt,  fest 
halt.’ 


2 


196 


Klaeber, 


[Vol.  VI 


occurs  in  Bede  388.  16  :  his  celmessan  feng  =  percipiendae 
elimosynae  gratia  (MS.  T.  2d  scribe,  also  C  ? ;  B,  O,  Ca  onfeng ). 

3015a.  ( Pa  seeall  brond  f  retan,)  celed  peceean.  Against  the 
change  of  peccean  to  piegean  (Holthausen,  Anglia- Beiblatt  10. 
273)  adopted  in  Trautmann’s  and  Holthausen’s  editions,  it  is 
proper  to  urge  1)  that  the  same  function  of  peccan  is  noticed  in 
Phenix  216:  ponne  brond  peceft  /  heorodreorges  hus ,  365:  hine 
ad  Peceft,  by  the  side  of  Megan:  219,  505  ;  and  2)  that  the  use 
of  the  verb  is  in  accordance  with  metaphors  like  fyres  fee^m, 
Beow.  185  (< forgripan ,  Phen.  507),  cf.  earmum  peccan,  earme 
bepeccan  (Cosijn,  Aanteekeningen ,  p.  10).  It  also  follows  that 
there  is  no  call  for  Cosijn’s  etymology  of  this  Peccan  ( Beitr . 
8.  574). 

3146.  windblond  gelceg  (MS.  g  Iceg).  Miillenhoff  {Z.f.  d.  A. 
14.  242,  cf.  Deutsche  Altertumskunde  5.  126) — seconded  by 
Moller  and  Bugge — had  serious  doubts  about  the  genuineness 
of  this  line,  ‘  da  bei  einer  grossen  flamme  der  wind  sich  erhebt,’ 

‘  weil  bei  jedem  leichenbrande  der  wind  sich  erhebt  und  an  der 
verbrennung  einen  wesentlichen  anteil  nimmt/  1  and  even  twenty 
years  before  him  J.  Grimm  in  his  famous  paper  ‘Uber  das 
Y erbrennen  der  Leichen  ’  actually  assumed  the  reading  wind- 
blond  (ne)  gelceg  {Kleiner e  Schriften  2.  263).  In  fact,  these 
doubts  seem  well  founded — in  spite  of  Cosijn’s  attempt  to  vin¬ 
dicate  the  author’s  observation  of  the  natural  phenomenon 2 — 
and  the  change  to  windblond  ne  beg  (to  be  placed  in  parenthesis) 
is  rather  plausible.  The  scribe’s  blunder  may  have  arisen  from 
his  thinking  of  the  form  *windgeblond  (ne  Iceg),  since  none  of 
the  other  compounds  with  the  stem  of  blond  are  used  without 
the  prefix  ge:  argeblond,  eargebland,  sundgebland ,  yftgebland. 

Fr.  Klaeber. 

The  University  of  Minnesota. 


1  Did  he  think  especially  of  Iliad  23.  192  S.  ? 

’Cosijn,  in  his  defense  of  the  MS.,  is  perfectly  right  in  claiming  pluperfect 
sense  for  the  verb  ( geliegan  ingressive  =‘ subside’)  and  parenthetical  function 
for  the  clause. 


No.  2] 


Cynewulf’s  Elene  1262  f. 


197 


CYNEWULF’S  ELENE  1262  f. 

AFTER  much  discussion  the  meaning  of  the  clause  Peer  him 
e(o)hfore  /  milpaftas  meet  1262  f.  is  still  a  matter  of  specu¬ 
lation.  Holthausen  rightly  understands  fore  as  adverb,  but  asks 
“  Was  bedeutet  aber  him  fore  ?  ”  (Edition,  p.  95).  That  we  have 
to  start  from  the  local  sense,  was  recognized  by  Cosijn,  who  trans¬ 
lated  ‘  vor  ihm  ’  but  added  the  interesting  remark  :  “  Voor  hem 
kan  echter  daarom  niet  op  Cynewulf  doelen,  omdat  de  dichter 
stellig  niet  achter  het  paard  liep  of  op  zijn  ‘  aardschen  pelgrims- 
tocht’  in  een  reis-  of  strijdwagen  gezeten  was.”  1  Surely  it 
would  be  erroneous  to  assume  that  strictly  local  sense  which 
would  make  the  author  sit  in  a  carriage,  since  he  is  no  doubt 
thought  of  as  riding  on  a  horse.  The  proper  interpretation,  it 
seems  to  me,  is  suggested  by  a  passage  in  the  Beoiculf:  ne  mceg 
byrnan  bring  /  cefter  wigfruman  wide  feran  /  hceleftum  be  healfe 
2260,  in  which  cefter  does  not  denote  ‘post  obitum’  (Grein, 
Sprachschatz  1.  53),  but,  literally,  ‘behind/  ‘following/  hence 
‘along  with.’  Evidently  the  coat  of  mail  ‘  follows*  the  warrior 
who  bears  it  into  battle  (of  Beow.  333  :  hwanon  ferigeaft  ge  .  .  . 
greege  syrcaYi  ...?),  i.  e.,  goes  along  with  him  (hceleftum  be 
healfe ),  or — we  may  say — he  takes  it  along  with  him.  Similar¬ 
ly,  the  horse  which  bears  the  rider  (cf.  El.  1196)  may  be  con¬ 
sidered  as  taking  the  lead  and,  in  running  onward ,  making  the 
man,  as  it  were,  follow  him  :  Peer  him  e(o)h  fore  milpaftas  meet.2 

A  different  conception,  by  the  way,  is  expressed  by  the  pecu¬ 
liar  phrase  mearh  under  modegum,  El  1193  (see  II.  Archiv  104. 
291). 

Fr.  Klaeber. 

The  University  of  Minnesota. 


1This  is  quoted  from  Trautmann,  Kynewulf ,  p.  66. 

2  Those  who  think  this  interpretation  too  far-fetched,  will  find  it  possible  to 
fall  back  on  the  sense  of  ‘coram  ’  (Rieger),  which  could  be  made  to  apply — 
though  not  without  straining — to  the  man  on  horseback. 


198 


Klaeber ,  Phenix ,  386. 


[Yol.  VI 


PHENIX ,  386. 

IT  seems  very  strange  that  in  the  passage  Icet  he  Dryhtnes  mot 
cefter  geardagum  geofona  neotan  /  on  sindreamum  and  sv&San 
a  I  wunian  in  worulde  weorca  to  leane,  the  phrase  in  worulde  has 
not  been  challenged  by  any  of  the  editors,  though  it  is  obviously 
out  of  place.  Neither  ( in  that  world 9  nor  1  forever  *  could  be 
accepted  as  suitable  renderings.  I  think  we  need  not  hesitate 
to  substitute  for  it  on  wuldre  ‘  in  glory/  or  (  in  heaven ?  (Mod. 
Phil.  3.  265),  which  is  exactly  what  the  context  requires,  and 
is  also  supported  by  the  analogy  of  1.  475  :  in  wuldres  hyrig 
weorca  to  leane. 

Fr.  Klaeber. 

The  University  of  Minnesota. 


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